Litter

Flotsam and Jetsam: A Little Litter Goes a Long Way

Summary
Using data from the International Coastal Cleanup, identify sources of marine debris and impacts of this debris on wildlife.

Introduction
Debris in the marine environment sure is a sad sight. Not only does it spoil the scenery, but it also has the potential of causing serious harm to animals who make the ocean their home. Picture those glorious vacation posters of tropical beaches…..now add to that image some plastic six-pack rings and empty beer bottles strewn across the sunbathed sand. Not your idea of paradise, is it? Perhaps you've seen enough garbage on the beach closest to where you live, or at your family's favorite vacation destination. It is disturbing to think that we have littered such beautiful places, but it is even more disturbing to think about the birds, fish, and mammals who become entangled in old fishing net, trapped and unable to move or find food. Plastics are particularly hazardous to marine life because they do not biodegrade, and they float on the surface where many other food sources are found. Sea turtles have been known to swallow plastic bags, mistaking them for jellyfish, and then starve. Ultimately, we are responsible for it all.

Marine debris is a worldwide problem. The garbage that ends up in the marine environment comes from various sources, and due to prevailing winds and ocean currents, it can end up very far away from its original source. Land sources are responsible for 70% of the trash, and most of that is washed off of streets, down storm drains, and flows directly into our waterways. Beachgoers who leave their trash behind are also part of the problem. Ocean sources of marine debris include commercial fishing, recreational fishing and boating, cargo vessels, cruise ships, and offshore petroleum rigs, to name a few. Ocean dumping is very difficult to regulate, and laws were only established as recently as 1973 (to prohibit the practice of ocean dumping in general) and 1987 (to specifically prohibit the dumping of plastic trash within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone).

There are many environmental organizations that have elevated the problem of marine debris in the public's collective conscience. The International Coastal Cleanup is an award-winning program coordinated by the Ocean Conservancy, a recognized leader on marine debris outreach and education. During this annual event, held on the third Saturday in September, people all over the world join together and clean the shores of our oceans. Valuable information on the amounts and types of debris found is collected during the cleanup process, and this information is used to affect positive change on all levels - from educating the individual to instigating legislative reform.

Data Activity
Before doing some calculations using the Cleanup Results, ask your students to guess the 10 most commonly found trash items on beaches around the world. For the answer, go to the Ocean Trash Index annual report. For visual impact, you may want to create your own garbage bag containing numbered examples from the top ten list, and ask students to pull them out one at a time.

Review the Dangerous Debris and Entangling Debris results.

• What type of debris contributed most to the Dangerous Debris list? What percentage of the total was comprised by this debris item?
• What type of entangling debris contributed most to the Entangling Debris list? What percentage of the total was comprised by this debris item?
• What type of animal is most likely to be found entangled in debris?
• In 2002, volunteers removed debris from 12,410 miles of shoreline and waterways and collected 8.22 million pounds of debris. How many pounds of debris were collected per mile during the cleanup in 2002?
• The average school bus weighs 15,860 pounds. If 8.22 million pounds of debris were collected in 2002, this figure is equivalent to how many school buses in weight? Keep in mind that it takes a lot of cigarette butts, plastic pieces, bottles, and cans to equal the weight of one school bus! And think of the labor required to haul all that stuff away!